| 摘要: 在全球共同应对气候变化的时代背景下, 探索国际视野下农业温室气体减排的先进经验, 对于中国践行气候变化国际合作倡议、推动自身农业可持续发展实现具有重要现实意义。以美国、欧盟和日本等国家为对象, 分别梳理其农业低碳发展的主要做法、最新行动和取得成效, 据此, 结合中国特色农业发展的基本理念, 提出农业低碳发展的中国策略。研究表明: 1)较之于同为新兴经济体的印度, 2020年中国在农业温室气体排放总量和人均排放量上与其相近, 但中国的单位GDP排放量[44.52 t?(106$)?1]远低于印度[278.11 t?(106$)?1]; 较之于同作为超级人口大国的美国, 中国在排放总量方面远高于美国, 但中国的人均排放量(0.46 t?cap.?1)明显低于美国(1.15 t?cap.?1)。中国必须充分考虑自身作为人口大国和发展中国家的现实, 科学合理地展开农业温室气体减排目标规划。2)美国主要在法律法规完善、财政税收和减排补贴、清洁能源开发及推广、碳排放权和碳汇市场交易等方面做出积极探索, 其2020年人均农业温室气体排放量较1990年下降19.58%; 欧盟的先进做法主要体现在法律法规完善、财税支持和生态保护补偿、管理创新和技术创新等方面, 其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.03%; 日本主要在可再生能源推广、管理创新和技术创新、粮食生产保障和气候适应等方面展开行动, 其2020年人均排放量同比1990年下降29.17%。3)农业低碳发展的中国策略旨在保障粮食供给、减少温室效应和实现生态价值。 据此，提出持续完善相关法律法规体系、加大财税扶持和绿色金融支持、加强管理创新和科技创新、加快能源结构调整和转型升级以及逐步完善碳交易市场机制5个方面的政策启示。 |
| 关键词: 气候变化 农业低碳发展 农业温室气体 国际经验 中国策略 |
| 中图分类号:F323;X322 |
| 基金项目:中国社会科学院创新工程“学者资助计划”项目（项目编号：XC2023001） |
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| Low-carbon agricultural development in the context of climate change: International experiences and China’s strategies |
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ZHENG Yuyu1, YU Fawen2
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1.Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences;2.Institute of Rural Development,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
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| Abstract: In the context of the global joint response to climate change, it is of great practical significance for China to explore international experiences in agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction, so as to implement its cooperation initiative on climate change and promote its own sustainable agricultural development. Taking USA, EU and Japan as the representative counties, their main practices, latest actions and achievements in agricultural low-carbon development were sorted out respectively. By combining basic conception with China characteristics, Chinese strategies targeted at agricultural low-carbon development were put forward. The research showed that: (1) Compared with India, as an emerging economy, China’s total agricultural GHG emissions and per capita emissions were similar, but China’s per GDP emissions, 44.52 t?(106$)?1, were far lower than that of India, 278.11 t?(106$)?1. Compared with USA, as a super-populous country, China’s total GHG emissions were much higher, but China’s per capita emissions (0.46 t?cap.?1) were significantly lower than that of USA (1.15 t?cap.?1). China must fully consider its reality as a populous country and a developing economy, and scientifically and reasonably formulate emissions reduction target. (2) USA had made active explorations in perfecting laws and regulations, fiscal taxation and subsidies, clean energy promotion, carbon emission rights and carbon sink market transactions, and its per capita agricultural GHG emissions in 2020 had decreased by 19.58% compared with that in 1990. EU’s advanced practices were mainly reflected in laws and regulations improvement, fiscal and taxation supports and ecological compensation, innovations in management and technology, and its per capita GHG emissions in 2020 decreased by 29.03% compared with that in 1990. Japan mainly launched actions in renewable energy promotion, innovations in management and technology innovation, food production guarantee and climate adaptation, and its per capita GHG emissions in 2020 decreased by 29.17% compared with that in 1990. (3) China’s strategies for agricultural low-carbon development aimed at ensuring food supply, reducing greenhouse effects and realizing ecological values. In view of that, continuously improving relevant laws and regulations, increasing supports of public finance and taxation plus green finance, strengthening innovations in management and technology, accelerating adjustment and upgrading of energy structure, and gradually improving trading mechanism of carbon market were put forward. |
| Keyword: Climate change Low-carbon agriculture development Agricultural greenhouse gases (GHG) International experiences China"s strategies |