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| 东北黑土区典型县域农牧系统养分流动特征分析 |
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王一莹, 张畅, 袁静超, 刘剑钊, 王乃卉, 梁尧, 范围, 任军, 蔡红光
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吉林省农业科学院
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| 摘要: 在保障粮食安全的前提下, 作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进农业绿色发展, 实现健康、高效、可持续尤为关键。本文拟通过研究东北黑土区县域农牧系统氮磷养分流动及环境排放特征, 解析化肥减施和有机替代的养分管理潜力, 以期为实现该地区农业绿色发展策略与途径提供理论依据。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的农安县为研究边界, 通过实地调研、统计数据和文献, 结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER: NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use)定量1990-2020年种植业系统、畜牧业系统和农牧系统氮磷养分流动、利用率和环境损失, 并运用计量经济学方法探究气候和社会经济因素对农牧体系氮磷排放强度的影响。针对减少化肥使用量、提升有机物料替代的养分管理为原理, 设置平衡施肥、有机替代两种措施为背景, 通过情景分析评估2030年该县减排潜力。结果表明, 相对于1990年, 2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷养分输入量分别下降41%和20%, 其中化肥施用是最大的输入项。作物和农牧系统养分利用率波动增加, 至2020年氮利用率分别为32%和9%, 磷利用效率为21%和5%; 而畜禽系统养分利用率下降并趋于稳定, 至2020年氮磷利用率分别为15%和5%。农牧体系内部氮磷养分循环绝对量分别增至67%和74%。农牧体系整体氮磷损失量较1990年分别减少41%和增加29%, 以农田氨挥发、农田径流与侵蚀和畜禽粪便水体排放或堆置为占比较大的排放途径。通过平衡施肥(减少化肥施用量)和有机替代(提升农作物秸秆和畜禽粪肥还田量), 使土壤氮磷积累为较低水平时, 至2030年农安县化学氮肥有70%~80%的减施潜力, 化学磷肥有80%~85%的减施潜力, 且在此状态下, 环境排放降低67%, 作物系统氮磷利用率增长57%和178%, 农牧系统氮磷利用效率增长1.4倍和3.0倍。综上, 农安县作为典型的高环境负荷种养结合型农牧生产体系, 其农牧体系化肥施用量大, 有机物料浪费程度高使养分利用率仍处于较低水平, 环境排放强度高。通过平衡作物生产中的氮磷投入, 增加农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便还田量, 未来十年化学氮磷肥有很高的减施潜力。农安县的案例研究对探索东北黑土区农业绿色发展的实现途径具有借鉴意义。 |
| 关键词: 农牧系统 农业绿色发展 NUFER模型 氮和磷 减施潜力 |
| 中图分类号:S19; S158.5 |
| 基金项目:吉林省重大科技专项课题，吉林省农业科技创新工程项目 |
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| Nutrient flow characteristics analysis of typical county in crop-livestock systems in Black Soil Region in Northeast China |
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WANG Yiying, ZHANG Chang, YUAN Jingchao, LIU Jianzhao, WANG Naihui, LIANG Yao, FAN Wei, REN Jun, CAI Hongguang
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Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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| Abstract: Under the premise of ensuring food security, the combination of crop and livestock production promotes agricultural green development, which is particularly crucial to achieve healthy, efficient and sustainable. This paper aims to study the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient flows and environmental emissions in county in crop-livestock systems in Black Soil Region in Northeast China, and analyze the nutrient management potential of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic substitution, in order to provide a theoretical basis for realizing the strategies and approaches of green agricultural development in the region. In this study, we select combined farming and livestock type Nong’an County as the study boundary, and through field research, statistical data and literature, we combine the NUFER model (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resources use) to quantify the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient flows, use efficiency and environmental losses in crop system, livestock system and crop-livestock systems from 1990 to 2020, and use econometric method to explore the influence of climate and socioeconomic factors on the nitrogen and phosphorus emission intensity in crop-livestock systems. Aiming at the nutrient management principle of reducing chemical fertilizer use and enhancing organic material substitution, setting two measures of balanced fertilization and organic substitution as the background, assessing the county's emission reduction potential in 2030 through scenario analysis. The results show that, compared with 1990, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient inputs to crop-livestock systems in Nong’an County decreased by 41% and 20% respectively in 2020, with fertilizer application being the largest input. Crop system and crop-livestock systems nutrient use efficiency fluctuated and increased, with nitrogen use efficiency of 32% and 9%, and phosphorus use efficiency of 21% and 5%, respectively, by 2020; while livestock system nutrient use efficiency decreased and stabilized, with nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of 15% and 5%, respectively, by 2020. Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient cycling absolute rates within crop-livestock systems increased to 67% and 74%, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses in the overall crop-livestock systems decreased by 41% and increased by 29%, respectively, compared with 1990, with farmland ammonia volatilization, farmland runoff and erosion, and livestock manure into water and stack as more significant emission pathways. Through balanced fertilization (reducing chemical fertilizer application) and organic substitution (enhancing crop straw and livestock manure return to the field), when soil nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation at lower levels, by 2030 Nong’an County will have 70% to 80% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer reduction potential and 80% to 85% of chemical phosphorus fertilizer reduction potential, and in this state, environmental emissions will be reduced by 67%, crop system nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency increased by 57% and 178%, and crop-livestock systems nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency increased by 1.4 times and 3.0 times. In summary, Nong’an County is a typical high environmental load combined farming and livestock production system, its crop-livestock systems have a large amount of chemical fertilizer application and a high degree of organic material waste so that the nutrient use efficiency is still at a low level and the environmental emission intensity is high. By balancing the nitrogen and phosphorus inputs in crop production and increasing crop straw and livestock manure return to the field, chemical nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers will have a high potential for reduction in the next decade. The case study of Nong'an County has implications for exploring ways to achieve agricultural green development in the Black soil region in Northeast China. |
| Keyword: Crop-livestock systems Agricultural green development NUFER model Nitrogen and phosphorus Fertilizer reduction potential |
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